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Psychology 101 comprehensive study guide

Table of contents

  • Course overview
  • Lecture 1: What is psychology?
  • Practice questions
  • Study strategies

Course overview

Meeting times: MWF 10:10-11:00 AM, Lab Tuesdays 2:00-4:50 PM

Office hours: Tuesdays 1-3 PM, Thursdays 11 AM-1 PM

Key dates to remember

  • February 21: Midterm exam 1
  • March 7: Article critique due
  • April 4: Midterm exam 2
  • May 12: Final exam (8:00-11:00 AM)

Grade breakdown

  • Midterm exam 1: 20%
  • Midterm exam 2: 20%
  • Final exam: 30%
  • Research participation: 10%
  • Lab assignments & quizzes: 10%
  • Class participation: 5%
  • Article critique: 5%

The Science of Psychology

Lecture 1: What is psychology?

Core definition

Psychology = The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Key characteristics of psychology as a science

  • Uses empirical methods (observation and experimentation)
  • Seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
  • Builds theories based on systematic research
  • Follows scientific method principles

Historical timeline

Philosophical roots (Ancient times - 1800s)

Ancient Greeks: Mind-body problem

  • Plato: Mind separate from body (dualism)
  • Aristotle: Mind and body connected (monism)

Later philosophers:

  • René Descartes: Cartesian dualism
  • John Locke: Empiricism and "blank slate" (tabula rasa)

Birth of scientific psychology (1879)

  • Wilhelm Wundt: First psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
  • Introduced introspection as research method
  • Structuralism: Breaking consciousness into basic elements

Modern Psychological Perspectives

Biological perspective

  • Brain structure and function
  • Neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics
  • Evolutionary influences

Cognitive perspective

  • Mental processes: thinking, memory, perception
  • Information processing model
  • Language and problem-solving

Behavioral perspective

  • Learning through conditioning
  • Environmental influences
  • Behavior modification

Research Methods in Psychology

Lecture 2: Research methods

The scientific method in psychology

  • Observation and question formation
  • Notice patterns in behavior
  • Ask specific, testable questions
  • Literature review
  • Research existing studies
  • Identify gaps in knowledge
  • Hypothesis formation
  • Testable prediction about variables
  • Must be falsifiable

Variables in psychological research

Independent variable (IV)

  • Variable manipulated by researcher
  • The "cause" in cause-and-effect relationship

Dependent variable (DV)

  • Variable measured by researcher
  • The "effect" in cause-and-effect relationship

Confounding variables

  • Unwanted variables that might influence results
  • Must be controlled or eliminated

Types of research methods

Descriptive methods

Note: Observe and describe, cannot determine cause-and-effect

Case studies

  • In-depth study of individual
  • Examples: Phineas Gage, H.M.

Surveys

  • Questionnaires/interviews with large groups

Naturalistic observation

  • Observe behavior in natural environment

Correlational research

  • Examines relationships between variables
  • Correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1.00 to +1.00
  • CRITICAL: Correlation does NOT equal causation!
  • Third variable problem: Unknown factor might cause both

Experimental method

  • The ONLY method that can determine cause-and-effect relationships
  • Key features: Random assignment, manipulation of IV, control of variables

Ethics in psychological research

  • Informed consent: Participants must understand what they're agreeing to
  • Deception and debriefing: Minimal deception, full explanation after
  • Confidentiality: Protect participants' privacy
  • Risk-benefit analysis:

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